Bibliography and References
Abbreviations as used in the Ice Reports:
AR Acadian Recorder, Halifax, NS, 1813
BA2 British American Navigator: A sailing directory for the Island and Banks of Newfoundland etc. 2nd Edition 1847
BC British Colonist,Halifax, NS, 1848
CBNews Cape Breton News, Sydney, NS, 1850
CH Colonial Herald, Charlottetown, PEI, 1838
CIS Canadian Ice Service, data set of Canadian Ice Distribution Survey on Index Cards available on Compact Disc
CSS Canadian Signal Service
DN Daily News, St. John’s, Nfld., 1894
Ex Examiner, Charlottetown, PEI, 1847
HB Hydrographic Bulletin, U.S. Hydrographic Office, Government Documents, Record Group 289, Sn.Docs.N6.2, U.S. National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD
HDR&T Halifax Evening Reporter and Daily Times, Halifax, NS, 1864
HER Halifax Evening Reporter, Halifax, NS, 1868
HG Hazards Gazette, Charlottetown, PEI, 1853
HH Halifax Herald, Halifax, NS, 1892
HR Rodman, H. Report of ice and ice movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. U.S. Hydrographic Office Publ. #93, 26p., 1890
IIP International Ice Patrol (Page or report numbers refer to the annual Bulletin for that year)
Fgmm Frank Galgay & Michael McCarthy. Shipwrecks of Newfoundland and Labrador, Vol 1. Harry Cuff, St. John’s, Nfld, 1987.
GR Robinson, George. A report on the movements of the ice, currents and tidal streams of the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Hydrographic Office, London, 1889.
Gu Guardian, Charlottetown, PEI, 1890
JH J. Hennessy, Marine Observer, Vol. 9, 1932, pp 76-80
JH1 J. Hennessy, Marine Observer, Vol. 12, 1934, pp 71-73
LL Lloyd’s List, London, 1741
MC Morning Chronicle, Quebec, Quebec, 1847
MH Morning Herald, Halifax, NS, 1875
MPSG Morning Post and Shipping Gazette, St. John’s, Nfld., 1843
MWR Monthly Weather Review. United States War Office, 1872
Newf Newfoundlander. St. John’s, Nfld., 1827.
NS Nova Scotian, Halifax, NS, 1824
NSC Nova Scotia Chronicle and Weekly Advertiser, Halifax, NS, 1769
NSRG Nova Scotia Royal Gazette, Halifax. NS, 1800
NW Winsor, Naboth. Stalwart Men and Strong Ships. Economy Printing Ltd., Gander, Nfld., 1985.
NYMR New York Maritime Register, New York, 1869
NYT New York Times, New York, 1857
Pat Patriot, Charlottetown, PEI, 1867
PCNAO Pilot Chart of the North Atlantic, U.S. Hydrographic Office, Records of the Hydrographic Office, Record Group 37, U.S. National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD
PEI Prince Edward Islander, Charlottetown, PEI, 1842
PEIG Prince Edward Island Gazette, Charlottetown, PEI, 1814
PEIR Prince Edward Island Register, Charlottetown, PEI, 1823
PL Public Ledger and Newfoundland General Advertiser, St. John’s, Nfld., 1823.
PR Polar Record, Vol. 19, No 121, 1979, p 343-362. Shipping Losses caused by ice, 1890 – 1977.
QC Quebec Gazette, Quebec, Quebec, 1764
QM Quebec Mercury, Quebec, Quebec, 1805
RG Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser. St. John’s, Nfld., 1807
RG.C Royal Gazette, Charlottetown, PEI, 1791
RGM Royal Gazette & Miscellany, Charlottetown, PEI, 1791
RG12 National Archives of Canada, Record Group 42, Transport, Vol. 3000, File 8962-1 – 8962-2
RG42 National Archives of Canada, Record Group 42, Marine Branch, Series C-1, Vols. 371-372, File 22-4-0
RH Royal Herald, Charlottetown, PEI, 1805
SCL Shipping and Commercial List, New York, 1815
SR Ryan, Shannon. Seals and sealers: a pictorial history of the Newfoundland seal fishery. Breakwater Books, St. John’s, 1987.
TWS The Western Star, Curling (Corner Brook), Nfld. 1900
WBB Bailey, W.B., Lauzier, L.M. Incidence of Ice and Icebergs in the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and along the South Coast of NF. Manuscript Reports of the Biological Stations No. 614. Fisheries Research Board of Canada
WCR W.C. Redfield. Ice in the North Atlantic. Memoir of the dangers and ice of the North Atlantic Ocean. Dept. of Navy, p. 12-19, Washington, D.C., 1868
WR Weekly Recorder, Charlottetown, PEI, 1810
#548 Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador Manuscript Number MG548 R.M.S. “Nerissa”, Red Cross Line. Deck log of voyages, etc., St. John’s Newfoundland, Halifax Nova Scotia, and New York, January – August 1928.
#575 Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador Manuscript Number MG575, Allan Line. Logbook, sailing voyages between Scotland and Quebec, 1829 -1847.
#805 Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador Manuscript Number MG805 S.S. “Imogene”. Log book, sealing voyages, March 8 – June 9, 1930; March – April 24, 1931.
Other reference material:
- Bell, Rev. William, “A Voyage to the New Land’ from “Hints to Emigrants” in a series of letters from Upper Canada, in ‘Great Canadian Adventures’, Reader’s Digest. 1824.
- Black, W.A. Gulf of St. Lawrence Ice Survey, Winter [1957 through 1962]. Geographical Branch, Canada. Geographical Bulletin Nos. 14,19,23,25,32,36. (1957 to 1962).
- Bossé, G.R. Navigating the Lower St. Lawrence in the 19th Century, Version 1.0 on Compact Disc, 2001.
- Canadian Ice Service. Sea Ice Climatic Atlas, East Coast of Canada, 1971-2000.
- Cape Breton Spectator, Sydney, NS, 1850.
- Drinkwater, K.F., Pettipas, R.G., Bugden, G.L. and Langille, P. Climatic Data for the Northwest Atlantic: a Sea Ice Database for the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Scotian Shelf. Canadian Technical Report of Hydrography and Ocean Sciences, 199 (1999).
- Forward, C.N. Ice Distribution in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the Break-up Season. Geographical Branch, Canada. Geographical Bulletin No.6. (1954).
- Forward, C.N. Ice Conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the Spring Seasons 1953 – 1957. Geographical Branch, Canada. Geographical Bulletin No.16. (1957).
- Halifax Journal, Halifax, NS, ~1810.
- Howard, Mildred. Early Cape Breton Newspapers (Vol.1, 1992; Vol.2, 1994; Vol.3, 1997).
- Meteorological Branch of the Department of Transport, Weekly ice charts on microfilm.
- North Sydney Herald, Sydney, NS, 1873.
- Spirit of the Times and the Cape Breton Free Press, Sydney, NS, 1843.
- U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Archives I, Washington, D.C., Record Group 37, Hydrographic Office, General Correspondence, 1907-1924.